Layer 2

ADA is the native token of the Cardano blockchain.

Ouroboros is the world’s first Proof-of-Stake (PoS) protocol based on peer-reviewed research and backed by formal security proofs. It structures time into periodic "Epochs" and "Slots," where randomly selected "Slot Leaders" are responsible for block production.

The core logic of Layer 2 (L2) lies in decoupling the execution layer from the settlement layer to achieve an exponential leap in throughput. As the dominant technical paradigm of L2, Rollups bundle hundreds or thousands of transactions off-chain, submitting only compressed summary data or fraud/validity proofs to the Ethereum mainnet. This "off-chain execution, on-chain settlement" mechanism allows L2s to inherit the mainnet's financial-grade security while reducing transaction costs to mere cents, effectively breaking the blockchain "trilemma" of decentralization, security, and high performance.

EIP-1559 represents the most significant improvement to the economic mechanism in Ethereum's history, restructuring transaction fees from a singular "first-price auction" into a dual-track model consisting of a Base Fee and a Priority Fee. The core logic of this proposal lies in automatically adjusting the Base Fee based on the elasticity of demand for block space and permanently burning it from the total supply.

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a decentralized runtime environment responsible for processing all computational logic and state transitions for smart contracts. As a Turing-complete virtual computer, the EVM interprets bytecode and executes it synchronously across tens of thousands of global nodes, ensuring the determinism and censorship resistance of "Code is Law."

Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain platform whose core value lies in pioneering "Turing-complete" smart contract functionality, enabling developers to build diverse decentralized applications (dApps) upon its global settlement layer. As the native asset of the ecosystem, ETH serves not only as the Gas fuel for paying network computational resources but also as the primary collateral for maintaining the security of the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus.

This article analyzes the fundamental differences between Solana (SOL) and Ethereum across architecture design, consensus mechanisms, scaling paths, and node structure, building a clear and reusable framework for comparing public blockchains.

This article provides a structured analysis of the Solana (SOL) ecosystem, including its DeFi, NFT, on-chain gaming, and infrastructure layers, helping readers build a comprehensive understanding of its use cases and network architecture.

A structured breakdown of Solana (SOL)’s issuance mechanism, inflation model, staking incentives, and fee burn design, building a clear framework for understanding SOL’s economic model and long term supply dynamics.

This article provides a systematic analysis of Solana (SOL), covering its technical architecture, Proof of History mechanism, network structure, token economics, and ecosystem. It explains how this high-performance public blockchain operates and the design logic behind it.

Vitalik's proposal for an "L2 reset" marks a critical directional correction in Ethereum's Rollup roadmap. This article provides a systematic breakdown of core concepts such as the "trust spectrum," "native Rollup precompiles," and "synchronous composability," explaining how Ethereum aims to redefine the relationship between Layer1 and Layer2 while acknowledging the economic realities and differentiated development of L2 solutions. This is not a defense of old narratives but a reality-based reassessment — one that tests whether Ethereum can still maintain its capacity for technological and governance self-correction.

As the launch of Base's native token is imminent, leading ecosystem project Zora has made several strategic moves, notably introducing a livestream feature that has generated market attention. This article examines Zora from four perspectives: product innovation, tokenomics, ecosystem status, and potential risks. It analyzes how Zora is evolving from an NFT platform to the primary platform for the creator economy on Base, and discusses the important role it may play in the forthcoming Base token distribution.

Outlier Ventures proposed a BASE tokenomics framework aimed at reshaping the Layer 2 revenue model. Through a quote currency mechanism and an adaptive emission system, the BASE token is designed to become the core liquidity asset of the Base ecosystem and could potentially generate over $4 billion in value for Coinbase — marking a new paradigm for L2 economics.

An in-depth analysis of the present and future of Ethereum Layer2: from the rise of leading projects like Arbitrum and Optimism to the many overlooked chains among 150+ L2s. Explore scaling demands, ecosystem divergence, and regulatory challenges, while examining how innovations like EIP-4844 and shared sequencers are set to shape the future of Layer2.

At BaseCamp 2025, Base introduced its initial exploration of a network token and announced the launch of a cross-chain bridge with Solana along with several developer tools, marking another step toward becoming a global onchain economic hub.